Fungal Cultivars of Higher Attine Ants Promote Escovopsis Chemotropism.

In varied environments, microorganisms search for partners or nutritional resources using chemical signals. Microbes are drawn (chemotaxis) or grow directionally (chemotropism) towards the chemical source, enabling them to establish and maintain symbiosis. The hypocrealean fungi Escovopsis enhance their growth towards the basidiomycete fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which is cultivated by leaf-cutting attine ants for food. Although directional growth is well documented in this symbiosis, it is unclear whether non-volatile or volatile organic compounds participate in the interaction between cultivar and Escovopsis, and which specific chemical compounds might attract and induce chemotropism. In this study, we examined the growth responses of Escovopsis isolates to non-volatile and volatile organic compounds produced by fungal cultivars of higher attine ants. We also isolated and identified molecules released by the ant-cultivar and assessed the chemotropism of Escovopsis towards them. Our results indicate that the growth of Escovopsis is stimulated in the presence of both non-volatile and volatile compounds from fungal cultivars. We also identified three isomeric diketopiperazines molecules from crude extracts of the ant cultivar, suggesting that these might play a role in Escovopsis chemotropism. Our findings provide insights into the complex chemical interactions that govern the association between Escovopsis and fungal cultivars.

Exploring Life History Choices: Using Temperature and Substrate Type as Interacting Factors for Blowfly Larval and Female Preferences.

Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) present a wide range of larval lifestyles, typically classified as obligate parasitism, facultative parasitism, and complete sapro-necrophagy. Several parasitic species, both obligate and facultative, are considered to be of sanitary and economic importance, as their larvae can cause myiasis (maggot infestation in live tissue). However, it is noteworthy that the adult female plays a decisive role as she chooses the oviposition site, and, therefore, largely determines the feeding habit and developmental conditions of the larvae. In this study, two protocols are proposed to test larval feeding preference and female oviposition site preference considering two interacting factors: meat substrate type and temperature. The setups presented here allowed to test Lucilia cuprina larvae and gravid females in a four-choice assay with two temperatures (33 ± 2 °C and 25 ± 2 °C) and two types of meat substrates (fresh meat supplemented with blood and 5-day-old rotten meat). Larvae or gravid females can choose to burrow or lay their eggs, respectively, in either of the following: rotten meat at 25 °C (simulating a necrophagous species condition), fresh meat supplemented with blood at 33 °C (simulating a parasitic species condition), and two controls, rotten meat at 33 °C, or fresh meat supplemented with blood at 25 °C. The preference is assessed by counting the number of larvae or eggs laid in each option for each replicate. Comparing the observed results to a random distribution allowed for the estimation of the statistical significance of the preference. The results indicated that L. cuprina larvae have a strong preference for the rotten substrate at 25 °C. Conversely, oviposition-site preference by females was more varied for the meat type. This methodology can be adapted to test the preference of other insect species of similar size. Other questions can also be explored by using alternative conditions.

The contribution of the AT1 receptor to erythropoiesis.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) comprises a broad set of functional peptides and receptors that play a role in cardiovascular homeostasis and contribute to cardiovascular pathologies. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the most potent peptide hormone produced by the RAS due to its high abundance and its strong and pleiotropic impact on the cardiovascular system. Formation of Ang II takes place in the bloodstream and additionally in tissues in the so-called local RAS. Of the two Ang II receptors (AT1 and AT2) that Ang II binds to, AT1 is the most expressed throughout the mammalian body. AT1 expression is not restricted to cells of the cardiovascular system but in fact AT1 protein is found in nearly all organs, hence, Ang II takes part in several modulatory physiological processes one of which is erythropoiesis. In this review, we present multiple evidence supporting that Ang II modulates physiological and pathological erythropoiesis processes trough the AT1 receptor. Cumulative evidence indicates that Ang II by three distinct mechanisms influences erythropoiesis: 1) stimulation of renal erythropoietin synthesis; 2) direct action on bone marrow precursor cells; and 3) modulation of sympathetic nerve activity to the bone marrow. The text highlights clinical and preclinical evidence focusing on mechanistic studies using rodent models.

EMI Shielding and Conductive Textiles Functionalized with (Ti,Cu) Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications.

This study explores the potential of integrating thin-film technology in the design of new and effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and conductive materials for textiles and wearables. This application is of particular interest to the textile industry as it can bring new functionalities to wearables and protect humans from prolonged exposure to EM radiation. Three different thin films of pure Ti, pure Cu, and Ti-doped with Cu prepared by magnetron sputtering were used to functionalize textile knits based on cotton (code 39F) and lyocell fibers (62I). The films displayed different crystalline structures, morphologies, and topographies, which depended on their chemical compositions. The shielding effectiveness (SE) of the functionalized knits against EMI was evaluated in the frequency range of 2-8 GHz. Also, the electrical response under stress was assessed since the electrical conductivity is closely related to the EMI shielding effectiveness. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using a thin conductive layer based on Cu or Ti-Cu to improve the shield textiles with great adhesion and low thickness, providing an interesting path to improve shielding efficiency for EMI without modifying the flexibility of the textiles.

A review of recent developments on drought characterization, propagation, and influential factors.

Droughts have impacted human society throughout its history. However, the occurrence of severe drought events in the last century and the concerns on the potential effects of climate change have prompted remarkable advances in drought conceptualization and modeling in recent years. This review intends to present the state-of-the-art on drought characterization and propagation, as well as providing insights on how climate dynamics and anthropogenic activities might affect this phenomenon. For this purpose, we first address the distinct concepts of droughts and their relationships. Next, we present two frequently utilized methods based on the run theory for drought characterization and explain the development and recovery stages of droughts. Then, we discuss potential drivers for drought occurrence and propagation, with focus on meteorological factors, catchments' physical characteristics and human activities. Later, we describe how droughts can affect several parameters of water quality. This review also addressed flash droughts, encompassing their definitions, commonly used indices, and potential drivers. Finally, we briefly address the roles of climate change and long-term persistence on future drought scenarios. This review may be useful for researchers and stakeholders for attaining a broader understanding on drought dynamics and impacts.

In vitro galactose impairs energy metabolism in the brain of young rats: protective role of antioxidants.

We, herein, investigated the in vitro effects of galactose on the activity of pyruvate kinase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), complex II and IV (cytochrome c oxidase) of the respiratory chain and Na+K+-ATPase in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of 30-day-old rats. We also determined the influence of the antioxidants, trolox, ascorbic acid and glutathione, on the effects elicited by galactose. Galactose was added to the assay at concentrations of 0.1, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mM. Control experiments were performed without galactose. Galactose, at 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mM, decreased pyruvate kinase activity in the cerebral cortex and at 10.0 mM in the hippocampus. Galactose, at 10.0 mM, reduced SDH and complex II activities in the cerebellum and hippocampus, and reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity in the hippocampus. Additionally, decreased Na+K+-ATPase activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus; conversely, galactose, at 3.0 and 5.0 mM, increased this enzyme's activity in the cerebellum. Data show that galactose disrupts energy metabolism and trolox, ascorbic acid and glutathione addition prevented the majority of alterations in the parameters analyzed, suggesting the use of antioxidants as an adjuvant therapy in Classic galactosemia.

Polyketide- and Terpenoid-Derived Metabolites Produced by a Marine-Derived Fungus, Peroneutypa sp.

Bioassay-guided investigation of the EtOAc-soluble extract of a culture of the marine-derived fungus Peroneutypa sp. M16 led to the isolation of seven new polyketide- and terpenoid-derived metabolites (1, 2, 4-8), along with known polyketides (3, 9-13). Structures of compounds 1, 2, and 4-8 were established by analysis of spectroscopic data. Absolute configurations of compounds 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 were determined by the comparison of experimental ECD spectra with calculated CD data. Compound 5 exhibited moderate antiplasmodial activity against both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum.

Polymorphisms of rDNA genes in Cyberlindnera yeast suggest birth-and-death evolution events.

In eukaryotes, the ribosome machinery is encoded by repeats of the ribosomal RNA genes: 26/28S, 18S, 5.8S, and 5S, structured in tandem arrays and frequently homogenized within a genome. This homogenization is thought to be driven by concerted evolution, evolving as a unit, which contributes to its target as the species barcode in modern taxonomy. However, high heterogeneity of rDNA genes has been reported, including in Saccharomycotina yeasts. Here, we describe the polymorphisms and heterogeneity of D1/D2 domains (26S rRNA) and the intergenic transcribed spacer of a new yeast species with affinities to the genus Cyberlindnera and their evolution. Both regions are not homogenized, failing the prediction of concerted evolution. Phylogenetic network analysis of cloned sequences revealed that Cyberlindnera sp. rDNAs are diverse and evolved by reticulation rather than by bifurcating tree evolution model. Predicted rRNA secondary structures also confirmed structural differences, except for some conserved hairpin loops. We hypothesize that some rDNA is inactive within this species and evolves by birth-and-death rather than concerted evolution. Our findings propel further investigation into the evolution of rDNA genes in yeasts.

Outcomes of Combined Posterior Tibial Tendon Tendoscopy and Medializing Calcaneal Osteotomy for Stage IA Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity.

BACKGROUND: Posterior tibial tendon (PTT) tendoscopy and medializing calcaneal osteotomy (MCO) are among the available techniques for patients presenting with symptomatic flexible hindfoot valgus (stage IA) progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD). The aim of this study was to determine clinical and radiographic outcomes of combined PTT tendoscopy and MCO for patients presenting with symptomatic stage IA PCFD. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed in order to determine clinical and radiographic outcomes of 30 combined PTT tendoscopies and MCO on 27 patients presenting with symptomatic stage IA PCFD, with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Patient satisfaction was assessed at last available follow-up as very satisfied, satisfied, and unsatisfied. Clinical assessment was performed evaluating preoperative and last available follow-up visual analog scale for pain (VAS-P), Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed preoperatively on all patients. Standard weightbearing anteroposterior, lateral, and long axial view radiographs of the foot and ankle were taken preoperatively, immediate postoperatively, at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year postoperatively, and last follow-up evaluation available for each patient. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 38.6 (range, 26-62) months. We registered 27 very satisfied, 1 satisfied, and 2 unsatisfied patients. There was statistically significant improvement on all clinical scores (VAS-P, FAOS and SF-36), as well as on lateral talo-first metatarsal and hindfoot alignment angles. We found low-grade PTT tears in 5 patients (16.67%) in whom preoperative MRI documented PTT tenosynovitis alone. CONCLUSION: We found that combined PTT tendoscopy and MCO provide significant clinical and radiographic improvement for patients presenting with symptomatic stage IAB PCFD. PTT tendoscopy should be considered in the treatment of all surgically addressed flexible valgus feet as it detects tendon tears which are frequently missed on an MRI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

The Design Space of the Auditory Representation of Objects and Their Behaviours in Virtual Reality for Blind People.

As virtual reality (VR) is typically designed in terms of visual experience, it poses major challenges for blind people to understand and interact with the environment. To address this, we propose a design space to explore how to augment objects and their behaviours in VR with a nonvisual audio representation. It intends to support designers in creating accessible experiences by explicitly considering alternative representations to visual feedback. To demonstrate its potential, we recruited 16 blind users and explored the design space under two scenarios in the context of boxing: understanding the location of objects (the opponent's defensive stance) and their movement (opponent's punches). We found that the design space enables the exploration of multiple engaging approaches for the auditory representation of virtual objects. Our fndings depicted shared preferences but no one-size-fts-all solution, suggesting the need to understand the consequences of each design choice and their impact on the individual user experience.

Suramin binds and inhibits infection of SARS-CoV-2 through both spike protein-heparan sulfate and ACE2 receptor interactions.

SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domains (RBDs) interact with both the ACE2 receptor and heparan sulfate on the surface of host cells to enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection. We show that suramin, a polysulfated synthetic drug, binds to the ACE2 receptor and heparan sulfate binding sites on the RBDs of wild-type, Delta, and Omicron variants. Specifically, heparan sulfate and suramin had enhanced preferential binding for Omicron RBD, and suramin is most potent against the live SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) when compared to wild type and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants in vitro. These results suggest that inhibition of live virus infection occurs through dual SARS-CoV-2 targets of S-protein binding and previously reported RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibition and offers the possibility for this and other polysulfated molecules to be used as potential therapeutic and prophylactic options against COVID-19.

Transgenic angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 overexpression in the rat vasculature protects kidneys from ageing-induced injury.

Chronic kidney disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality especially among the aged population. A decline in kidney function with ageing comparable to ageing-related processes in human kidneys has also been described in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and kidney disease and is a successful therapeutic target. The discovery of angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang(1-7)), mainly produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and its receptor MAS offered a new view on the RAS. This ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MAS axis counteracts most deleterious actions of the RAS in the kidney. In order to evaluate if activation of this axis has a protective effect in ageing-induced kidney disease we generated a transgenic rat model (TGR(SM22hACE2)) overexpressing human ACE2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. These animals showed a specific transgene expression pattern and increased ACE2 activity in the kidney. Telemetric recording of cardiovascular parameters and evaluation of kidney function by histology and urine analysis revealed no alterations in blood pressure regulation and basal kidney function in young transgenic rats when compared to young SD rats. However, with ageing, SD rats developed a decline in kidney function characterized by severe albuminuria which was significantly less pronounced in TGR(SM22hACE2) rats. Concomitantly, we detected lower mRNA expression levels of kidney damage markers in aged transgenic animals. Thus, our results indicate that vascular ACE2-overexpression protects the kidney against ageing-induced decline in kidney function, supporting the kidney-protective role of the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MAS axis.

The Hyphosphere of Leaf-Cutting Ant Cultivars Is Enriched with Helper Bacteria.

Bacteria can live in a variety of interkingdom communities playing key ecological roles. The microbiome of leaf-cutting attine ant colonies are a remarkable example of such communities, as they support ants' metabolic processes and the maintenance of ant-fungus gardens. Studies on this topic have explored the bacterial community of the whole fungus garden, without discerning bacterial groups associated with the nutrient storage structures (gongylidia) of ant fungal cultivars. Here we studied bacteria isolated from the surface of gongylidia in the cultivars of Atta sexdens and Acromyrmex coronatus, to assess whether the bacterial community influences the biology of the fungus. A total of 10 bacterial strains were isolated from gongylidia (Bacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Niallia sp., Staphylococcus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Pantoea sp., Staphylococcus sp., and one Actinobacteria). Some bacterial isolates increased gongylidia production and fungal biomass while others had inhibitory effects. Eight bacterial strains were confirmed to form biofilm-like structures on the fungal cultivar hyphae. They also showed auxiliary metabolic functions useful for the development of the fungal garden such as phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, cellulose and chitin degradation, and antifungal activity against antagonists of the fungal cultivar. Bacteria-bacteria interaction assays revealed heterogeneous behaviors including synergism and competition, which might contribute to regulate the community structure inside the garden. Our results suggest that bacteria and the ant fungal cultivar interact directly, across a continuum of positive and negative interactions within the community. These complex relationships could ultimately contribute to the stability of the ant-fungus mutualism.

Suction Influence on Load-Settlement Curves Predicted by DMT in a Collapsible Sandy Soil.

The plate load test (PLT) is the most reliable in situ testing for studying the load-settlement behaviour of footings on unsaturated collapsible soils. In these soils, the suction profile is not constant along the depth, and the scale effect between the prototype and footing leads to different suction averages and, consequently, different data. One method to eliminate the effect of soil suction on the test data is to fully saturate the soil prior to the test, which is also recommended at the design process for footing on collapsible soils. However, the inundation process on PLTs is expensive and time-consuming, which makes this procedure difficult to incorporate into engineering practice. This study presents a device that can be attached to flat dilatometer (DMT) to allow local inundation of the soil as part of the in situ test campaign and obtain the DMT-constrained modulus (MDMT) for both natural and inundated conditions. The MDMT presented an average reduction of 56% from natural to inundated condition. This parameter can be used in a model to predict load-settlement curves by DMT data considering the suction influence on this behaviour. The curves obtained from the prediction model were compared to curves determined by PLT conducted under the same in situ conditions. Good agreement was found between the curves predicted by DMT and those measured by PLT for both conditions. The proposed procedure, which uses a device attached to the DMT blade, provides an investigation method to obtain the load-settlement curve under different suction conditions, which can help in the selection and performance prediction of shallow foundations, taking into account suction and collapse phenomenon-related problems.

Angiotensin deficient FVB/N mice are normotensive.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: All previous rodent models lacking the peptide hormone angiotensin II (Ang II) were hypotensive. A mixed background strain with global deletion of the angiotensinogen gene was backcrossed to the FVB/N background (Agt-KO), a strain preferred for transgenic generation. Surprisingly, the resulting line turned out to be normotensive. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the unique blood pressure regulation of FVB/N mice without angiotensin peptides. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Acute and chronic recordings of blood pressure (BP) in freely-moving adult mice were performed to establish baseline BP. The pressure responses to sympatholytic and sympathomimetic as well as a nitric oxide inhibitor and donor compounds were used to quantify the neurogenic tone and endothelial function. The role of the renal nerves on baseline BP maintenance was tested by renal denervation. Finally, further phenotyping was done by gene expression analysis, histology and measurement of metabolites in plasma, urine and tissues. KEY RESULTS: Baseline BP in adult FVB/N Agt-KO was unexpectedly unaltered. As compensatory mechanisms Agt-KO presented an increased sympathetic nerve activity and reduced endothelial nitric oxide production. However, FVB/N Agt-KO exhibited the renal morphological and physiological alterations previously found in mice lacking the production of Ang II including polyuria and hydronephrosis. The hypotensive effect of bilateral renal denervation was blunted in Agt-KO compared to wildtype FVB/N mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: We describe a germline Agt-KO line that challenges all previous knowledge on BP regulation in mice with deletion of the classical RAS. This line may represent a model of drug-resistant hypertension because it lacks hypotension.

The inverted forest: Aboveground and notably large belowground carbon stocks and their drivers in Brazilian savannas.

Savannas contribute to ca. 30 % of the total terrestrial net primary productivity and are responsible for significant carbon storage. Savannas in South America are mostly found within the Cerrado Domain, which is very threatened and presents remarkable carbon pools. Herein, we used a unique dataset of 21 Cerrado sites spanning 144 permanent field plots in Southeastern Brazil to assess the general patterns of above and belowground carbon stocks. We identified the main environmental and tree diversity drivers of aboveground wood carbon and productivity, belowground carbon stocks (roots and soil), carbon ratios (root:shoot and above:below) and total carbon stocks in the Cerrado through a combination of climatic estimates, fire frequency data, field measurements of vegetation, roots, soil carbon, nutrients and texture, and assessment of different components of diversity (species, functional and phylogenetic). Our findings reveal average aboveground, root, and soil carbon stocks of 20.4, 14.24, and 123.13 Mg.ha-1, respectively. Average Root:Shoot and Above:Below confirm the "inverted forest" concept with values of 1.58 and 0.21, respectively. Total carbon was 145.62 Mg.ha-1, reinforcing the great amount of carbon storage in the Cerrado and its role in the carbon cycle and dynamics. Tree diversity variables (mainly species diversity and functional composition variables) had more significant effects over aboveground variables, whereas environmental variables had more significant effects over belowground variables. Ratios and total carbon mixed up these effects. The impressive values of carbon storage, especially belowground, point out the need to better manage and protect the Cerrado. Moreover, our findings might be particularly relevant for discussions on restoration programs focused on the trees-for­carbon idea that do not consider species diversity and belowground carbon stocks.

Quantifying the impact of gut microbiota on inflammation and hypertensive organ damage.

AIMS: Hypertension (HTN) can lead to heart and kidney damage. The gut microbiota has been linked to HTN, although it is difficult to estimate its significance due to the variety of other features known to influence HTN. In the present study, we used germ-free (GF) and colonized (COL) littermate mice to quantify the impact of microbial colonization on organ damage in HTN. METHODS AND RESULTS: 4-week-old male GF C57BL/6J littermates were randomized to remain GF or receive microbial colonization. HTN was induced by subcutaneous infusion with angiotensin (Ang) II (1.44 mg/kg/day) and 1% NaCl in the drinking water; sham-treated mice served as control. Renal damage was exacerbated in GF mice, whereas cardiac damage was more comparable between COL and GF, suggesting that the kidney is more sensitive to microbial influence. Multivariate analysis revealed a larger effect of HTN in GF mice. Serum metabolomics demonstrated that the colonization status influences circulating metabolites relevant to HTN. Importantly, GF mice were deficient in anti-inflammatory faecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Flow cytometry showed that the microbiome has an impact on the induction of anti-hypertensive myeloid-derived suppressor cells and pro-inflammatory Th17 cells in HTN. In vitro inducibility of Th17 cells was significantly higher for cells isolated from GF than conventionally raised mice. CONCLUSION: The microbial colonization status of mice had potent effects on their phenotypic response to a hypertensive stimulus, and the kidney is a highly microbiota-susceptible target organ in HTN. The magnitude of the pathogenic response in GF mice underscores the role of the microbiome in mediating inflammation in HTN.

Uncovering the Yeast Communities in Fungus-Growing Ant Colonies.

Yeast-insect interactions are compelling models to study the evolution, ecology, and diversification of yeasts. Fungus-growing (attine) ants are prominent insects in the Neotropics that evolved an ancient fungiculture of basidiomycete fungi over 55-65 million years, supplying an environment for a hidden yeast diversity. Here we assessed the yeast diversity in the attine ant environment by thoroughly sampling fungus gardens across four out of five ant fungiculture systems: Acromyrmex coronatus and Mycetomoellerius tucumanus standing for leaf-cutting and higher-attine fungicultures, respectively; Apterostigma sp., Mycetophylax sp., and Mycocepurus goeldii as ants from the lower-attine fungiculture. Among the fungus gardens of all fungus-growing ants examined, we found taxonomically unique and diverse microbial yeast communities across the different fungicultures. Ascomycete yeasts were the core taxa in fungus garden samples, with Saccharomycetales as the most frequent order. The genera Aureobasidium, Candida, Papiliotrema, Starmerella, and Sugiyamaella had the highest incidence in fungus gardens. Despite the expected similarity within the same fungiculture system, colonies of the same ant species differed in community structure. Among Saccharomycotina yeasts, few were distinguishable as killer yeasts, with a classical inhibition pattern for the killer phenotype, differing from earlier observations in this environment, which should be further investigated. Yeast mycobiome in fungus gardens is distinct between colonies of the same fungiculture and each ant colony harbors a distinguished and unique yeast community. Fungus gardens of attine ants are emergent environments to study the diversity and ecology of yeasts associated with insects.

Evaluation of anxiety and depression symptoms among u-20 soccer athletes in recife-pe: a cross-sectional study / Evaluación de los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión en deportistas de fútbol de la categoría sub-20 en recife-pe: un estudio transversal / Avaliação de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em atletas de futebol da categoria sub-20 em recife-pe: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Introduction Being a soccer player is one of the dreams most present in the popular imagination of Brazilian children. However, the path to professionalization is arduous and several reasons can be pointed out for this difficulty: a very competitive environment, few chances, and poor career counseling, among others. In competitive soccer, the athlete must be ready for all the demands that will be made, as well as accept the demand for the best possible performance. Furthermore, athletes from the youth system are still adolescents and youths in development, usually up to 21 years of age, who are often forced to choose soccer and its demands, at the expense of their studies and family lives, to become professional players. In this scenario, a still little-debated topic is mental health among soccer players. Objectives To verify the frequency of anxiety and depression symptoms among soccer players of the under-20 youth categories of Pernambuco clubs and to assess its association with sociodemographic, athletic, and health data. Methods The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was applied and socio-demographic, athletic, and health data were collected. A marginal descriptive analysis was conducted, as well as categorical and numerical assessments of anxiety- and depression-related variables. Finally, a linear regression study of the anxiety and depression scores was conducted. Results A statistically significant association was found between income received and an increase in anxiety symptoms. An increase in depressive symptoms as income decreased was also identified. Conclusion Further research with larger numbers of participants is needed, as well as with a greater variety of clubs, to better understand the relationship observed. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic study - Investigation of the effect of a patient characteristic on the outcome of their illness.

RESUMEN Introducción Ser jugador de fútbol es uno de los sueños más presentes en el imaginario popular de los niños brasileños. Sin embargo, el camino hacia la profesionalización es arduo y se pueden señalar varias razones para esta dificultad: un entorno muy competitivo, pocas oportunidades, asesoramiento insatisfactorio en la carrera, entre otras. En el fútbol de competición, el deportista debe estar preparado para todas las exigencias que se le planteen, así como para aceptar la demanda de un excelente desempeño . Junto a ello, los deportistas de la categoría de base son todavía adolescentes y jóvenes en formación, normalmente hasta los 21 años, que muchas veces se ven obligados a elegir el fútbol y sus exigencias, en detrimento del estudio y el entorno familiar, para convertirse en jugadores profesionales. En este escenario, un tema aún poco debatido es la salud mental entre los futbolistas. Objetivos Verificar la frecuencia de los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión entre los futbolistas de las categorías sub-20 de los clubes de Pernambuco y evaluar su asociación con datos sociodemográficos, deportivos y de salud. Métodos Se aplicó la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (HAD), y se recopilaron datos sociodemográficos, deportivos y de salud. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo marginal, así como una evaluación categórica y numérica de las variables relacionadas con la ansiedad y la depresión. Por último, se realizó un estudio de regresión lineal para las puntuaciones de ansiedad y depresión. Resultados Hubo una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los ingresos recibidos y el aumento de los síntomas de ansiedad. También se identificó un aumento de los síntomas de depresión con la disminución de la renta recibida. Conclusión Es necesario realizar más investigaciones, con un mayor número de participantes, así como una mayor variabilidad de clubes, para entender mejor la relación encontrada. Nivel de Evidencia: II; Estudio pronóstico - Investigación del efecto de una característica del paciente en el resultado de la enfermedad.

RESUMO Introdução Ser jogador de futebol é um dos sonhos mais presentes no imaginário popular da criança brasileira. Entretanto, o caminho para a profissionalização é árduo, e diversos motivos podem ser apontados para essa dificuldade: ambiente muito acirrado, poucas chances, aconselhamento insatisfatório na carreira, entre outros. No futebol competitivo, o atleta deve estar pronto para todas as cobranças que vierem a ser feitas, assim como aceitar a exigência da melhor performance possível. Aliado a isso, atletas da categoria de base ainda são adolescentes e jovens em formação, normalmente até os 21 anos, que são muitas vezes obrigados a escolher o futebol e suas exigências, em detrimento do estudo e do convívio familiar, para se tornarem jogadores profissionais. Nesse cenário, um motivo ainda pouco debatido é a saúde mental entre jogadores de futebol. Objetivos Verificar a frequência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão entre jogadores de futebol das categorias de base sub-20 dos clubes pernambucanos e avaliar sua associação a dados sociodemográficos, atléticos e de saúde. Métodos Aplicou-se a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD), assim como foram colhidos dados sociodemográficos, atléticos e de saúde. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva marginal, assim como avaliação categórica e numérica das variáveis relacionadas com ansiedade e depressão. Por fim, foi feito um estudo de regressão linear para os escores de ansiedade e depressão. Resultado Verificou-se associação estatisticamente significativa entre renda recebida e aumento de sintomas de ansiedade. Também foi identificado aumento de sintomas de depressão com a diminuição da renda recebida. Conclusão Mostra-se necessário a realização de mais pesquisas, com um número maior de participantes, assim como maior variabilidade de clubes, para melhor entender a relação encontrada. Nível de Evidência: II; Estudo prognóstico - Investigação do efeito de característica de um paciente sobre o desfecho da doença.